冷坩埚定向凝固TiAl基合金高温持久性能研究

采用电磁冷坩埚定向凝固技术制备了成分为Ti-47A1-2Cr-2Nb的合金铸锭,定向凝固后的显微组织为α2+γ全片层结构.在0.4～1.2mm/min的抽拉速率范围内,随着抽拉速率的增加,片层间距减小,柱状晶与生长方向的夹角增大.随着温度升高,合金的拉伸强度有所下降,但由于细化片层界面对切变应力变形的阻碍作用,合金的高温拉伸强度会随着抽拉速率的增加而提高.通过对抽拉速率为1.0mm/min试样的拉伸强度与温度的拟合,得到了拉伸强度和温度之间的函数关系.随着抽拉速率的增加,Ti-47A1-2Cr-2Nb合金的持久寿命明显升高,对于抽拉速率为1.2mm/min试样的持久性能测试表明,其持久寿命最长,达到了48h.持久试样的断口形貌表明,其断裂的主要方式是伴随着少量延性断裂的脆性解理断裂.最后根据时间-温度模型,分别采用Larson-Miller和Manson-Haferd参数法建立了定向凝固Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb合金的持久强度预测函数模型,预测的理论值与试验结果吻合度较高.     

月球取样返回器分离阻力分析与地面分离试验验证

探月工程三期研制的月球取样返回器与轨道器间采用导向装配方式,装配后存在一定预应力,同时在轨两器分离时受空间环境作用而出现热变形,引起的分离阻力会对两器的正常分离产生影响。文章对返回器与轨道器的分离阻力进行分析和测量,并开展相关地面分离验证试验,结果表明,在轨环境引起的分离阻力约为366 N,地面装配应力引起的分离阻力约为160 N,两器分离速度约为0.24 m/s。研究结果可为轨返两器的分离设计提供参考。     

工程数据库管理系统的探讨

工程数据库管理系统是一个面向CAD/CAM的数据(包括知识)管理系统,它是CAD/CAM软件系统的核心。本文对工程数据库系统在CAD/CAM系统中的地位和作用、工程数据库管理系统的特殊要求以及多级数据管理、多重数据模型、复杂实体的定义和操作、变长域类型及版本化作了一些探讨和建议。     

构建廊坊市政府新型服务管理体系——知识管理

本文试着以廊坊市政府知识管理体系建设为切入点,作为打开市政府知识管理大门的钥匙,在发展完善知识管理理论体系、开拓知识库应用领域的同时,对促进政府适应知识经济发展、向知识型政府转变有一定的启发和指导作用。     

Integration of lessons from recent research for “Earth to Mars” life support systems

Development of reliable and robust strategies for long-term life support for planetary exploration must be built from real-time experimentation to verify and improve system components. Also critical is incorporating a range of viable options to handle potential short-term life system imbalances. This paper revisits some of the conceptual framework for a Mars base prototype which has been developed by the authors along with others previously advanced (“Mars on Earth^®”) in the light of three years of experimentation in the Laboratory Biosphere, further investigation of system alternatives and the advent of other innovative engineering and agri-ecosystem approaches. Several experiments with candidate space agriculture crops have demonstrated the higher productivity possible with elevated light levels and improved environmental controls. For example, crops of sweet potatoes exceeded original Mars base prototype projections by an average of 46% (53% for best crop) ultradwarf (Apogee) wheat by 9% (23% for best crop), pinto bean by 13% (31% for best crop). These production levels, although they may be increased with further optimization of lighting regimes, environmental parameters, crop density etc. offer evidence that a soil-based system can be as productive as the hydroponic systems which have dominated space life support scenarios and research. But soil also offers distinct advantages: the capability to be created on the Moon or Mars using in situ space resources, reduces long-term reliance on consumables and imported resources, and more readily recycling and incorporating crew and crop waste products. In addition, a living soil contains a complex microbial ecosystem which helps prevent the buildup of trace gases or compounds, and thus assist with air and water purification. The atmospheric dynamics of these crops were studied in the Laboratory Biosphere adding to the database necessary for managing the mixed stands of crops essential for supplying a nutritionally adequate diet in space. This paper explores some of the challenges of small bioregenerative life support: air-sealing and facility architecture/design, balance of short-term variations of carbon dioxide and oxygen through staggered plantings, options for additional atmospheric buffers and sinks, lighting/energy efficiency engineering, crop and waste product recycling approaches, and human factor considerations in the design and operation of a Mars base. An “Earth to Mars” project, forging the ability to live sustainably in space (as on Earth) requires continued research and testing of these components and integrated subsystems; and developing a step-by-step learning process.     

浅议我国个人所得税实施中存在的问题及解决对策

个人所得税在调节个人收入、增加财政收入、维护国家权益等方面发挥了积极作用,但是随着我国经济的发展,在实施个人所得税中也逐渐暴露出一些问题.本文针对这些问题,进行了深刻的分析,并提出了解决的对策.     

月面探测器月夜休眠自主唤醒方法

提出一种月面探测器休眠自主唤醒方法:月夜来临时通过地面控制对月面探测器所有设备进行休眠操作;月昼来临时靠太阳光触发唤醒功能,由休眠唤醒电路自主发送指令唤醒探测器,解决月面探测器安全可靠度过月夜的能源供给问题。该方法已通过在轨验证,可为其他深空探测任务提供参考。     

月食对环月卫星运行影响及对策分析

从月食与环月卫星的关系出发，讨论了月食对卫星的影响机理。针对如何尽量缩短卫星进入地影时间的问题，给出了相位调整的概念和原理，同时介绍了卫星有效进影时间的概念，说明了相位调整方法的可行性。最后通过实例应用给出了相位调整的效果。文章所介绍的分析和控制方法对于环月卫星具有较广泛的适用性，可以在我国后续的月球探测任务中作为参考依据。     

“阿波罗”登月舱的软着陆支架

登月舱的软着陆支架是确保月面探测活动及宇航员返回地球的关键装置。文章对“阿波罗”登月舱软着陆支架进行了介绍,描述了其技术指标、功能要求和基本组成,并对“阿波罗”登月舱软着陆支架的构型设计,主支柱、辅助支柱、足垫、展开架、收拢释放机构、展开锁定机构、触杆高度器以及铝蜂窝缓冲元件的设计方案进行了说明。鉴于“阿波罗”登月舱软着陆支架的设计通过了多次飞行试验的验证,文章结合“阿波罗”登月舱软着陆支架的方案,提出了中国载人登月工程中登月舱软着陆支架研制的建议。     

自由返回轨道的P平面参数快速设计方法

针对自由返回轨道求解过程中地心轨道类型变化造成的B平面参数方法计算失败问题,提出一种基于P平面参数的自由返回轨道快速设计方法。首先,基于轨道半通径参数的普适性,给出了不同轨道类型的P平面参数定义,建立了以P平面参数为求解目标量的自由返回轨道求解模型。其次,给出了基于P平面参数的自由返回轨道快速设计方法,在构建的瞬时地月惯性系下,以平面双二体自由返回轨道作为初值,实现了高精度力模型下的自由返回轨道快速求解。对8种构型自由返回轨道的设计结果表明,P平面参数具有类似于B平面参数的大收敛域,且有效解决了轨道类型变化对计算的影响,可直接应用于中国后续月球探测任务轨道设计。